Types of Testing

Q. What kinds of testing should be considered?

A. Black box testing - not based on any knowledge of internal design or code.
Tests are based on requirements and functionality.

White box testing - based on knowledge of the internal logic of an application's code.
Tests are based on coverage of code statements, branches, paths, conditions.

Unit testing - the most 'micro' scale of testing; to test particular functions or code modules.
Typically done by the programmer and not by testers, as it requires detailed knowledge of the
internal program design and code. Not always easily done unless the application has a well-designed
architecture with tight code; may require developing test driver modules or test harnesses.

Incremental integration testing - continuous testing of an application as new functionality is added;
requires that various aspects of an application's functionality be independent enough to work separately
before all parts of the program are completed, or that test drivers be developed as needed; done by
programmers or by testers.

Integration testing - testing of combined parts of an application to determine if they function together
correctly. The 'parts' can be code modules, individual applications, client and server applications on a
network, etc. This type of testing is especially relevant to client/server and distributed systems.

Functional testing - black-box type testing geared to functional requirements of an application; this type
of testing should be done by testers. This doesn't mean that the programmers shouldn't check that their
code works before releasing it (which of course applies to any stage of testing.)

System testing - black-box type testing that is based on overall requirements specifications; covers all
combined parts of a system.

End-to-end testing - similar to system testing; the 'macro' end of the test scale; involves testing of
a complete application environment in a situation that mimics real-world use, such as interacting with
a database, using network communications, or interacting with other hardware, applications, or systems
if appropriate.

Sanity testing - typically an initial testing effort to determine if a new software version is performing
well enough to accept it for a major testing effort. For example, if the new software is crashing systems
every 5 minutes, bogging down systems to a crawl, or destroying databases, the software may not be in a
'sane' enough condition to warrant further testing in its current state.

Regression testing - re-testing after fixes or modifications of the software or its environment.
It can be difficult to determine how much re-testing is needed, especially near the end of the
development cycle. Automated testing tools can be especially useful for this type of testing.

Acceptance testing - final testing based on specifications of the end-user or customer, or based on use
by end-users/customers over some limited period of time.

Load testing - testing an application under heavy loads, such as testing of a web site under a range of
loads to determine at what point the system's response time degrades or fails.

Stress testing - term often used interchangeably with 'load' and 'performance' testing. Also used to
describe such tests as system functional testing while under unusually heavy loads, heavy repetition
of certain actions or inputs, input of large numerical values, large complex queries to a database system, etc.

Performance testing - term often used interchangeably with 'stress' and 'load' testing. Ideally 'performance'
testing (and any other 'type' of testing) is defined in requirements documentation or QA or Test Plans.

Usability testing - testing for 'user-friendliness'. Clearly this is subjective, and will depend on the
targeted end-user or customer. User interviews, surveys, video recording of user sessions, and other
techniques can be used. Programmers and testers are usually not appropriate as usability testers.

Install/uninstall testing - testing of full, partial, or upgrade install/uninstall processes.

Recovery testing - testing how well a system recovers from crashes, hardware failures, or other
catastrophic problems.

Security testing - testing how well the system protects against unauthorized internal or external access,
willful damage, etc; may require sophisticated testing techniques.

Compatibility testing - testing how well software performs in a particular hardware/software/operating
system/network/etc. environment.

Exploratory testing - often taken to mean a creative, informal software test that is not based on formal
test plans or test cases; testers may be learning the software as they test it.

Ad-hoc testing - similar to exploratory testing, but often taken to mean that the testers have significant
understanding of the software before testing it.

User acceptance testing - determining if software is satisfactory to an end-user or customer.

Comparison testing - comparing software weaknesses and strengths to competing products.

Alpha testing - testing of an application when development is nearing completion; minor design changes
may still be made as a result of such testing. Typically done by end-users or others, not by programmers
or testers.

Beta testing - testing when development and testing are essentially completed and final bugs and problems
need to be found before final release. Typically done by end-users or others, not by programmers or testers.

Mutation testing - a method for determining if a set of test data or test cases is useful, by deliberately
introducing various code changes ('bugs') and retesting with the original test data/cases to determine if
the 'bugs' are detected. Proper implementation requires large computational resources.